What is the expected effect on total sleep time (TST) for patients with pacemakers?

Pacemakers are designed to regulate heart rhythms, which can improve overall cardiovascular function and, in some patients, alleviate symptoms that might interfere with sleep. When individuals with cardiac issues, such as those requiring pacemakers, experience improved heart function, they may find it easier to sleep more soundly and for longer periods. This can lead to an increase in total sleep time, as their bodies are better able to maintain uninterrupted sleep without the disturbances caused by arrhythmias or inadequate heart function.

Additionally, the treatment of underlying conditions that may affect sleep, such as sleep apnea or anxiety related to heart health, could also contribute to longer sleep durations in these patients. Therefore, the expected effect on total sleep time for patients with pacemakers is an increase, as the device helps to stabilize their cardiac rhythms, facilitating improved overall sleep quality and duration.